Question:
Look at the photo and build a Venn diagramOrganize your answer to the following questions:
A) What properties can only be found in a flame?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Produces light/bulb.
B)What properties do seedlings and flame haveTer?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Both use oxygen when burning/breathing; both produce carbon dioxide when burning/breathing.
C)What properties can only be found in a seedling?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Growth; leans toward the light; heredity; reaction to the environment; homeostasis.
Question:
What properties have seedlings that are missingcalls, which leads us to conclude that they are just seedlingsvivo?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Growth; homeostasis; reaction to stimuli;cell breathing; heredity.
symmetry in patterns
Symmetry generates obvious patterns. They are visible in the form of many organisms. Othe concept of form is discussed in Chapter 2.
Question:
Can you find such examples in this chapter?symmetry:
A) bilateral symmetry, where there are left and right sidesyour reflections in the mirror?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Reversible: giraffe; hummingbird; butterfly;Bee's honey; millipede; man; to fly; cicada;Crab; Ant.
B)radial symmetry, where rotation around a fixed pointdoesn't change the overall shape?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:radial: apple; starfish.
C)spiral symmetry, where rotation along the axis of the screwtranslate too?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Helical: DNA; chloroplast in Spirogyra.
mollusk shellNautilus consists of a series of whorl sections.
Question:
A) Is the shell structure helical or helical?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Spiral.
B)Does the shell have a symmetrical pattern?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:bilateral symmetry; plane of symmetry zleft and right halves that are mirror images;the spiral is not symmetrical.
Question:
What patterns exist in the synchronization of lifecycles?
Patterns exist not only in the distribution of variables in space, but also in time. Considerthe examples shown here and, in each case, discuss the advantages of the pattern shownlifecycle time.
insect population magicicad thirteenChanges over time. mature adults,cicadas, are constantly present in habitatslow numbers, but every 13 or 17 years athere is a population explosion.
red crabs (Gecarcoidea natalis) live in large numbersin the forest of Christmas Island. Man and womanmigrate to shore and mate. All women liberatedtheir fertilized eggs in the water at the turn of the riverhigh tide during the last quarter of the moon, vNovember or December.
parasites that causemalaria has a very short lifecycle. They attack red bloodcells multiply in themthen explode and attackother red blood cells. Thatcreates a pattern inmalaria symptomsthe cycle of cold and shiveringthen fever and sweatlasts two days if malariacaused by Plasmodium vivaxor three days if Plasmodiummalaria he is the cause.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Magic reduces predation synchronouslyappearing every 13 or 17 years; because a lotappear for predators to eat; predators cannotdepends on Magic as a food source because it isless common; 13/17 is a prime number so predators with itdo 2/3/4/5 ithe ear cycle will not always matchMagic ascend.
carcoid: many eggs released to predatorseat; therefore many survive; males can drop themsperm when eggs are in water; increasepossibility of fertilization.
Plasmodium: thirdan and fourth fevers; parasitecan benefit from synchronizing its lifecycle withman 24–clockwise circadian rhythm; fever is usually presentAt night; Anophelesmosquitoes tend to bite andsuck bAt night; Plasmodium (gamete–quotes) are sucked with blood; gametocytes mANDgo out to bleed at night; Maximizechances of dispersion; when making the nightfevers; Plasmodium vivax can multiplyD fasterthenN Plasmodium malaria hence 2/3 daily cycles;immune systemthe stem may not control the parasite aseffectively if it remains within the cells of the body, exceptshort periods than 2nd/3Research and Development Day; Then Plasmodium synchronize–purifies your appearance; beyond possibilitiesimmune system; cause of thirds and quartersno fevert known even after 100 years of research.
Question:
Describe the life cycle of the Brimstone butterfly, including the duration of the cycle's phases.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Adults survive the winter; mate and layeggs in May/June/early summer; the larvae hatch andgrow in june/july/mid–summer; delayed pupationJuly/early August; adults emerge from pupaeAugust.
Question:
Explain the differences between the data for Brimstone and Adonis blue.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Blue Adonis completes two life cycles in one yearwhile Brimstone only completes one;Adonis blue hibernates as a larva whileSulfur hibernates as an adult.
Question:
Explain the differences between the Brimstone and Painted Lady data.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:No Painted Lady all stages present in Great Britain inwinter, while Brimstones occur as adults;The Painted Lady is a Migrant and Brimstoneremains in the UK; Painted lady flies to hotterclimates/flies south in October; returns fromnoon in March/April/May/June/July.
Question:
Calculate the sum of the percentages forfour bases in corn.
Answer/Explanation
Op.: 100%
Question:
Compare the relative amounts of guaninein different organisms.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Mutable; ranges from 17.6 to 26.0
Question:
Determine the ratio of guanine to cytosine in:
A) dust
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Powder: 1 to 1
B)chicken.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Chicken: 22.0 to 21.6 = 1.02 to 1
Question:
Derive an approximate relationshipbetween the amount of guanine andamount of cytosine in all organisms.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Approximately the same.
Question:
Determine the ratio of adenine to thymineC:
A) chicken
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Chicken: 28.0 to 28.4 = 0.986 to 1
B)corn.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Corn: 26.8 to 27.2 = 0.985 to 1
Question:
Derive an approximate relationshipbetween the amount of adenine andamount of thymine in all organisms.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Approximately the same.
Question:
Suggest why these proportions are not exactorganisms.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Measurement error.
Question:
Guess the expected percentage of adeninefor wheat.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Assuming that adenine equals thymine, it should be 27.1/ subtracting the other percentages from 100 gives the expected percentage of 27.4%
Question:
Predict the expected percentage of adenine,cytosine and thymine for sea urchin.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Cytosine = 17.7% because it will be equal to guaninepercentage; adenine plus thymine is 64.6; Theneach of them is 32.3%
Looking at a picture of a DNA helix:
Question:
Describe the orientation pattern of the two bands.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Run in opposite/anti directions–parallel.
Question:
Describe the pattern of the major and minor sulci.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Major and minor grooves alternate; both follow oneNormal–Spiral path passed.
Examples are the words KAYAK, REDDER and ROTATORpalindromes because they read the same asto go back. An example of a palindrome in DNA is:
5́ GAATTC 3́
3́ CTTAAG 5́
Question:
Why is this considered palindromic even though it is notstrand has sequences of bases that sound the sameforward or backward?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:As the sequence on a tape is insecond strand in the opposite direction/onethe strand is a palindrome of the other.
Question:
Does a palindromic sequence have an additional type of symmetry?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Rotational symmetry.
Question:
Palindromic base sequences in DNA have several important roles. Can you find it?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Restriction enzymes bind to palindromic sites;methyl groups can be added to palindromic placesturn on/off a gene
Question:
What would happen if the cell divided before replicating its DNA?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:There would only be one copy of some genes, sotwo child cells would not completecopies of the genome.
Question:
What would happen if the cell repeatedly divided without growing?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The cell got smaller and smaller.
Question:
Zygotes undergo a series of cell divisions without any cellsextension between departments. How can this happen?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The egg cell has a large amount of cytoplasm; Thenthe zygote also has a large amount of cytoplasm;so multiple divisions do not result in cells with too muchsmall cytoplasm.
Question:
The six onion root tip cells in the micrograph are in the centermetaphase. What are cells?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:These are cells with chromosomes at the equator.
Question:
How many cells are in anaphase?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:A cell is in anaphase.
Question:
Cells in telophase come in pairs, they don'tRelatively small nuclei and chromosomesthey are not fully unfolded, so the core is immobilelooks uneven. How many pairs of cells intelophase can you identify?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Three cells.
Question:
Cells in prophase have streaks or clumpsvisible in the nucleus because DNA moleculesare folded into a condensed formchromosomes. How many cells do you see in prophase? Which one is closer to the beginningprophase and which is closer to the end?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:At least six cells are in prophase; bottom left is a cellit is well advanced, although prophase; hardtell which cell is closer to the beginning prophesybecause the transition in the appearance of
the interphase is gradual.
Question:
The relative lengths of time of the four phases of mitosis can be inferred from the numberscells in each phase Which phase lasts the shortest and which lasts the longest?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Anaphase lasts less; prophase takesthe longest.
Question:
Are all explanations in the text up to date?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The question should be "The explanationwritten in the very important text". expected answeris that all explanations are valid (althoughunproven).
Question:
Which explanation do you consider the most important?the reason why larger organisms are multicellular? discuss itwith other students and try to reach a consensus.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Surface–Volume restrictions are often cited asthe reason why cells do not become very large, butnuclear cytoplasm ratio can also be significant becauselarge structures oflike a muscle fibras Semultinuclear. There are also arguments forimportance of physical strength, for examplelarger plant size than animal cells with plantcells reinforced with a cell wall.
Question:
Can you think of other explanations?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Students can propose an alternativeExplain.
EU.Are there consequences of being unicellular?advantage?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:There is no need for cell-to-cell communication; or cell adhesion; or transport between cells.
II.Calculate surface area to volume for 1, 10, and 100cubes with a diameter of mm. What happens to the proportion in the form of cubesget bigger? What are the implications for cell size restrictionsconsidering the functions of cell membranes?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:1mm: 6mm2 make 1mm3 = 6;10mm: 600mm2 make 1,000 mm3 = 0,6;100 mm: 60 000 mm2 make 1 000 000 mm3= 0,06;
the surface area to volume ratio decreaseswhen the ankles get bigger; when the side lengthcube increases ten–fold, area forthe volume ratio decreases in one ordervastness; increasing difficulty withexchange processes in the sur cellfacemembrane.
Question:
What is the advantage of asexual reproduction for organismsthat are successful because they are well adapted to themenvironment?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Successful cells can pass their combinationgenes for descent; their offspring is thereforeit is likely to be well adapted as well.
Question:
What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction for a speciesin a period of environmental change?
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:existing combination genes are not goodadapted due to changes in the environment;no new combination of genes generated byasexual reproduction; no/small changegenerated; nothing to make natural selection workABOUT; evolution/adaptation to new conditions verystoh/too slow.
summative evaluation
Cyclical patterns in the life cycle of a cicada
Question:
A) Describe the properties common to all living things.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Metabolism/enzyme-catalyzed reactions; increase/increase in size;breathing/releasing energy from food; excretion/waste disposalproducts; homeostasis/maintenance of internal conditions other than thosethose of the environment; reproduction/production of offspring;inheritance/genes transmitted to descendants; reaction to stimuli.
B)Design a test that can be performed to determine whetherthe yellow objects in the image below are insect eggs or candy.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Measure oxygen consumption; measure carbon dioxide Production;measure heat production; observe if the larvaehatch/grow/feed.
Question:
periodic cicada magicicad seventeen has a life cyclewhere the insect spends a lot of time undergroundunder development. While underground, it goes through five periods
life known as developmental stages. Strands at the end of each larval periodyour outer skin. The fifth stage emerges from underground andsheds its skin to become a short-lived adult. Perfectemergence, there is a rapid increase in the adult population above ground.The graph shows the percentage of underground nymphsare at each stage Using the information in the diagram, answer the question
the following questions.
emerging adult cicadalast stage of the nymph
Changes in the percentage of larvae at each stage of development over a 16-year period
A) In year 5, determine the percentage of nymphs that are intoque 3.
Answer/Explanation
Op.: 50%
B) Anticipate what will happen in the lifecycle Magicseptemdecyna in year 17.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Pupation; emergence of imago/adults/cicadas.
C) Deduce how many years it takes for the complete life cycle of thisspecies, from one adult appearance to another.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:17 years; adults should emerge at age 17 and lay eggs; start 1 onlylarvae live all year round 1.
D) Guess what the adult cicada population graph showsit would look like time. If the apparition was in 2011,what year would the next ascent take place? To definewhen was the last appearance.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The chart would show sharp spikes in numbers every 17 years; if that werethe 2011 appearance should be in 2028; It isthe previous one would be in 1994.
mi) Predict these patterns for this periodic cicada,
EU) In the area of occurrence of periodic cicadas, there are e.g.caterpillar eating oak leaves. during the eastern yearbirds prefer cicadas to caterpillars.Anticipate the effect on oak leaves.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:More caterpillars survive; and eat more oak leaves; so oaksbe defoliated.
ii) Mature trees have fungus associated with their rootsthat can infect and kill cicadas. Explain why the cicadanymphs can be found in greater numbers in the rootsimmature trees.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Greater survival of cicada nymphs under immature trees; How is it goingit is a less pathogenic fungus; adult cicadas may preferentially lie downeggs under immature trees; due to genetic programming/instinct.
iii) The mole is an animal that lives underground and eatsinvertebrates, including fifth-stage cicada nymphs. fifthnymphs in development. Predict mole population patternin the area of seasonal cicadas.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The number of moles increases when there are fifth-stage cicada nymphs;moles move to areas with more fifth-stage cicada nymphs; warthighest numbers in years 13 to 16 of the cicada cycle.
4) Cicada nymphs attach themselves to plant roots andsuck the root tissue. Predict tree damage patternthroughout the life cycle of the cicada.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Increased damage from year 1 to year 16; how do they become nymphsbigger, so it needs more food; Or damage decreases more and morecicadas died/were eaten; minor damage in year 17.
Study of the proportions of the human forearm
Question:
The golden ratio is an irrational number approximately equal toup to 1.62. It is believed to appear many times in human knowledge.systems such as geometry, art, and architecture. ancient greek
the mathematician Euclid wrote about it 2,300 years ago, although he didn't use the name "golden ratio". Some erroneously say that the aspect ratio applies in some situations where it does not, such as in the Nautilis shell, and others say that it does not apply when it does.
A) Show that the golden ratio applies to each pair of adjacent pairsbones in the finger
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:a + b = 8; (a + b)/a = 8/5 = 1.6; close to the golden ratio, but not exact1,62
B) Design a data table to record your elbow measurementsno pulse (A) and the wrist to the longest finger (B) you and yourcolleagues to determine whether the golden ratio applies.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:The names of classmates in the titles of the poems; at least ten colleagues measured orall classmates if there are less than ten in the class; column headings likein the table of textbooks; with distance units added for a and i measurementmeasure b; each measurement is in septemberplowed cells on the table;measurements recorded to the nearest accuracy millimeter; all proportions correctcalculated.
Study of leaf arrangement patterns in plants
In a photosynthetic plant, the arrangement of leaves as far apart as possiblepossible in a given space would allow for the maximum amountsunlight to capture.
The following patterns were developed on the Mathisfun website.Each orange object represents a cell. In the simulation whenthe cell is dividing, that could change. In the simulation, rotation 1 represents360° rotation, 0.5 rotation means 180° rotation,0.25 means a 90° rotation.
Question:
Use three images generated from the simulator to explainleaf pattern in aloe bet.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Answers may include the following points:
• Place the sheets as far apart as possible;
• while minimizing the total space occupied favors the capture of sunlight;
• three patterns differ in the packaging of sheets;
• o center the image has the maximum density of leaves per unit area;
• when entering the rotation factor in the simulator, the golden ratio gives waythe pattern seen in aloe leaves;
• a constant angle of 137.5 gives this formula;
• the second sheet is placed as furthest from the first;
• and the third is placed furthest from the first and secondsecond sheet;
• divergence with increasing number of leaves finally the angleconverges to a constant value of 137.5 degrees.
Using genetic patterns to protect against poaching
This article is an abbreviated version of http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/scientific updates/genes-and-geography/.
Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow.
Question:
Determine how similar people are genetically.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Very similar; over 99.9% of the coding sequences in human DNA areSame; variability is greater with satellite sequences, but this is probably not the casevery significant in human characteristics.
Question:
Differentiate genes from microsatellites.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Genes are coding sequences whereas microsatellites are not.–codification; genesthey have the function of encoding the amino acid sequence of proteinswhereas microsatellites have no obvious function; genes are longer thanmicrosatellites; microsatellites are repetitive sequences while genes areNO–recurring (usually).
Question:
A) Explain why microsatellites are useful in geographic trackingorigin.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:very variable; differences develop quickly; populations that divergedcan be distinguished relatively recently.
B) After determining the origin of the ivory, suggest whichConcrete actions could be taken to reduce elephant poaching.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Identify areas where poaching is the most widespread; police ban poachingmore intensely in these areas; track trade routes and chase tradersillegal ivory; develop policies where local communities benefit mostpresence of live elephants than cooked ivory.
C) Suggest specific situations in which microsatellite sequencescan be used.
Answer/Explanation
Odp.:Students can explore the possibilities: search the search term to discovercould be: "use of microsatellite sites in nature conservation/classification/forensics" and if conservation is selected, responses such as:these could be declared:
• Define inbreeding and limiting inbreeding in captive breedingSoftware.
• Identifying the origin of whale meat – whaling is tolerated in somejurisdictions but not others, so test meat samples to determine whichthe population they come from.